The American Recovery And Reinvestment Act Politics Essay

The American Recovery And Reinvestment Act Politics Essay The act is based on the proposals of President Obama in effort to jump-start the economy after the economic crisis of 2007-2009. In his first weekly address since sworn in as president of the United States, President Obama claimed that the act will invest in our most important priorities like energy and education; health care and a new infrastructure that are necessary to keep us strong and competitive in the 21st century (Weekly Address, 2009). Vice President Joe Biden is in charge of overseeing the implementation of the act, which includes working closely with cabinet members, governors, and mayors (About the Recovery Act, 2009). The problems of economic crisis are severe and have resulted in recession, closing of businesses, job loss, and families losing their homes. The Recovery Act is said to be a major milestone in helping to resolve the economic crisis, but President Obama admits that there is still a large amount of work that needs to be done. The act has three immediate goals it hopes to achieve in response to the economic crisis. The first goal is to create new jobs and save existing ones; the estimated number of jobs saved or created is 3.5 million in the next two years (About the Recovery Act, 2009). Next, the act hopes to spur economic activity and invest in long-term economic growth. The last immediate goal of the act is to foster accountability and transparency in government spending. Along with these three immediate goals the act hopes to achieve several long-term goals. Some of these goals include igniting spending by both businesses and consumers. The act also hopes to create a new foundation for economic growth and prosperity (Track the Money, 2009). Health care has been a serious problem in this country, but this act aims to modernize the entire healthcare system, saving millions of dollars and countless lives. Increasing access to health care is also something the act hopes to accomplish. Upgrading classrooms, libraries, and labs for childrens schools as well as connecting rural homes, businesses, and schools to the Internet is another goal of the act (About the Recovery Act, 2009). There is also a major emphasis on modernizing infrastructure, including repairing bad roads, dams, bridges, and levees. Unemployment benefits and protecting peoples healthcare are other main focal points of the act. In addition, the act will work to stabilize, reform, and repair the banking system; this would get credit flowing to families and businesses (Track the Money, 2009). Last, the act hopes to stop the foreclosures on homes, and intends to help homeowners stay in their homes. Clearly the Recovery Act hopes to accomplish many things, but these are all things that this country needs in response to the economic crisis. The internal stakeholders of this policy include the Departments Governance Board for Recovery Act Compliance, program managers, and individuals responsible for daily operations related to the act. The external stakeholders are the recipients of the Recovery Acts funds, the Congress, the Executive Office of the President, the Recovery Act Accountability and Transparency Board, and the American public. One of President Obamas main concerns in developing the Recovery act was to ensure accountability and effectiveness. To accomplish this goal the United States Department of Justice has developed mechanisms to ensure both accountability and transparency of stakeholders as well as monitor the distribution of funds. The Department of Justices accountability framework is based on top-down governance, management accountability and effectiveness, top-down communications strategy, performance monitoring, corrective action implementation, and evaluation of the internal control activities (Unite d States Department of Justice, 2009). The act is based on the proposals of President Obama, and was formulated by the House of Representatives and the Senate. The main debate exists between Democrats and Republicans in Congress. No Republicans in the House and only three Republican in the Senate voted for the bill. Republicans fear that the tax cuts are insufficient, and that in the long-run the country will drown even further into debt. They instead insist on larger tax cuts and less spending on government programs. Republican Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell argues, This isnt Monopoly money. Its real. It adds up, and it has to be paid back, by our children and by their children (U.S. Congress passes, 2009). Obama and the Democrats hold to the notion that the bold actions of the policy are necessary to transform the United States economy and carry us into the twenty-first century. The final plan split into 36% for tax cuts and 64% in spending, and money for government programs and is funded on borrowed money. The main theory of the debate is the political systems theory, which stresses the way the political system responds to demands that arise from its environment (Kraft and Furlong, 2009). The Republicans favor limited government and low taxes, and these beliefs are dominant in their argument against the Recovery Act. In contrast, the Democrats believe that the government must take intrepid actions to fix the economic crisis and ensure the well-being of the average citizen. Each of these beliefs is developed from the larger economic context: the economy is failing, and the government must meet the demands of the public and the political parties that support their interests. There is a classic liberal-conservative battle over the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The left is of course pushing for more government spending and a bigger government, where the right claims that a bigger government creates more of a problem. Although the Recovery Act was passed by congress republicans still feel that it is not helping and are offering several different alternatives. Senators John McCain, David Vitter and John Thune all offer several different suggestions and amendments to the American Recovery Act. John McCains alternative stimulus plan was the closest to getting passed by the Senate of the three senators plan. However, the amendments were defeated in a 40 to 57 vote along party lines. McCain stimulus package includes changes to the home loan modification program and tax breaks for home purchasers (Human Events, 2009). He also suggests dues for rehabilitating military facilities and equipment. Similar to the recovery act, he wants to restore American infrastructure, mainly roads and bridges. McCain also believes that cutting the two lowest tax brackets by 5 percent and lowering the corporate tax rate by 10 percent for small businesses would drastically help with the economy (Human Events, 2009). The last element to his proposed plan was to accelerate depreciation for capital investments by small businesses. Although the amendments were not passed by the Senate, McCains plan did receive the most support and a similar plan will have potential to be passed in the future. Senator David Vitter, a republican from Louisiana, proposed amendments to the Recovery Act that would save the government an estimated 48 billion dollars (Human Events, 2009). He proposes a different way to spend government money and suggests prevailing-wage provisions that impact infrastructure projects, making them far more expensive. He also recommends spending 1 billion dollars to fund a census, 600 million dollars to invest in fuel-efficient vehicles by the government, and 400 million dollars for the construction of an FBI facility (Human Events,2009). Vitter also suggests spending 34 million dollars for management of bureaucrats at the department of commerce and a 75 million dollar training facility for the State Department. Last he advocates for spending 55 million dollars for the National Park Service and 125 million for repair and restructure of the D.C. sewer system. Clearly this Stimulus package is very different from President Obamas; however, it is far less expensive. Ne vertheless, the amendments were defeated in the Senate by a vote of 32 to 65 (Human Events, 2009). Senator McCain and Vitter were not the only republicans to offer amendments to the American Recovery Act. Republican Senator John Thune of South Dakota also suggested several alternatives to the act. In contrast to the previous senators, Thunes alternatives mainly focus on creating a smaller government to deal with the economic crisis. Thune recommends a reduction in corporate tax rates as well as individual tax rates (Human Events, 2009). He also suggests the removal of the alternative minimum tax, but he does want to incorporate an estate relief tax. Lastly, he calls for an increase in child tax credit and some restrictions on deductions, which would then cause a broader tax base. Although Thunes suggestions differ greatly from his republican colleagues, he still suffers the same fate; his amendments were voted down 37-60 in the Senate. Congressmen are not the only actors offering alternatives to the Recovery Act. Katzy and Puentes(2009) of The Brookings Institute offer their own criticism, asserting that the federal response has been mostly to keep throwing money at the problem, without any meaningful attempt to update our policies to the realities of today. They find that a more meaningful policy would place more emphasis on infrastructure investments. Experts of the Metropolitan Policy program, Katz and Puentes (2009) find that infrastructure investments addressed toward global warming could lead the way for a lower carbon future. They point out that transportation alone accounts for 28 per cent of U.S. emissions. The experts also stress that in order for the U.S. to compete in the globalized economy, they must work toward developing high-functioning global ports and transportation hubs by holding government responsible for maintenance and improvements. Countries in Europe and China have already done so. Finally, the U.S. should stop subsidizing the excessive decentralization of people and jobs, for household spending on transportation has risen to the second largest expense for most American households. They suggest we place the responsibility of transforming infrastructure investment in federal leadership. Leaders should include plans for freight movement, the electric grid, and water infrastructure across state borders and between metropolitan areas. The current policy on infrastructure centers on job creation which will create short term job success; however, the act should focus on creating productive and sustainable infrastructure that will create long-term growth. One thing that most economists agree on is that the money had to be spent. We agree with the bold actions taken by the president and congress to bring the economy out of recession and we favor and support the Recovery Plan. We do find that an alternative solution would spend the money more wisely, with more emphasis on infrastructure and better planning for the full scope of national needs. First, we agree with the experts of the Brookings Institution that in order to maintain development, we must take the focus off of job creation in infrastructure and focus on updating policies that dramatically improve infrastructure and establish economic competitiveness. Secondly, we find that program spending is too directed toward programs in local districts. While this is important for bringing the country out of recession and improving the condition individual, we believe that congress should work together to develop more national efforts that better serve the country as a whole, thus sustai ning long-term development. We also anticipate a coming crisis in the second wave of commercial real estate; we fear that there will be another real-estate bubble across the world. We find that more actions should be taken in the act to prevent such a crisis. In conclusion, large spending on public programs was necessary for bringing the country out of recession, but further action should look toward maintaining the long-term economic condition. But has the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, really fulfilled all of its promises to the citizens of the United States? The key to Obamas first year in office was the Recovery Act. But the Recovery Act, which should have set the pace for a year of strong reforms. Instead, for reasons partly having to do with the construction of the bill, its effects were nearly invisible-ninety-four per cent of Americans dont think it created jobs in their area-and Republicans quickly called it a failure. The American people were thinking radical change-not the status quo. Just the way Obama blamed Bush after 9/11, saying, You told America to go shopping, people are going to point the finger at him and say, You had an opportunity and you wasted it. We should have gone in and done the kind of stimulus that would actually turn the economy around. We ended up with something that was strong enough to prevent a depression. But it just wasnt strong enough to stimulate the recovery. Obama was trying to be favorably viewed by seventy per cent, and Reagan was willing to settle for fifty-seven per cent. He understood an intense fifty-seven was better than a sort of feel-good seventy. So in conclusion to that, I think that the Act could have been a much bigger success if they wouldnt have settled with what everyone wanted. But instead passed what was necessary to boost us out of the depression and get our economy back on the rise.

A History of Bravery and Conflict Essay

Although many protest against the SWAT team’s use of force, history shows how vital it is for SWAT teams to wield more power than standard police officers. SWAT officers have captured and killed criminals who could not be stopped by conventional methods. Without them, incidents such as the Texas Tower Massacre might occur with more frequency and with a greater number of casualties. Therefore, the SWAT team ought to be applauded for its power of protection and not hampered in its duties.? Although many note that specialized weapons and tactics were used as early as the time of the civil war, special SWAT teams were not created until much later. Chris Pizzo cites William E. Fairbain as the creator of the first SWAT team. Fairbain organized his specialized teams, the Shanghai Municipal Police Force, to defend against riots, guerilla attacks and terrorists in the 1920s. Fairbain’s men were the first police group to use automatic weapons, carbines and high-powered rifles. They also used body armor, armed motorcycles, and chemicals to repel attackers. They countered snipers, used martial arts, and excelled at hand-to-hand combat. While Fairbain’s men originally worked in Shanghai, they brought their methods back to the United States (Pizzo, 2007). In Los Angeles, the need for teams with specialized weapons and tactics was made evident in 1965, when Marquette Frye, a black man, was arrested for driving while intoxicated. His mother tried to stop the arrest, and drew a crowd. The event sparked anger and rioting against policemen in Los Angeles. According to Lee W. Minikus, the rioters threw rocks and gigantic pieces of concrete at patrol officers. The officers were armed only with eleven shotguns – one per car, and batons. After being attacked, they used their batons on the rioters to defend themselves. According to Minikus, â€Å"They were not rioters, as far as I’m concerned, they were gangsters. † The officer’s neighbors, some white, some Latino, defended his wife and children, holding rifles on their front porches. The riots left 25 blacks and nine whites dead. Meanwhile, more than 1,000 others were injured. Rioters burnt businesses to ash and damaged more than 600 properties. Ironically, Minikus and Marquette remained friends after the incident (Reitman & Landsberg, 2005). In the summer of 1966, America’s need for SWAT teams became even clearer when a tragedy struck Texas. A disturbed engineering student and former marine, Charles Whitman, killed his wife and parents, then climbed to a tower on the University of Austin’s campus and began shooting down students. Whitman allowed others to get close enough to aid the wounded victims, and then shot the would-be rescuers as well. He even shot an eight months pregnant woman in the stomach, killing her baby. When police arrived on the scene, they had to plan to reach Whitman or to help the victims. Some tried to bring him down with an airplane, but were repelled by his gunfire. Eventually, the officers were able to bring Whitman down by using an underground tunnel. When they reached Whitman, he fired on them. They returned fire and finally ended Whitman’s attack (Snow, 1996). The tower massacre lead police to the realization that they needed to be more prepared for such attacks. Meanwhile, after the Watts riots, several snipers shot innocent civilians and police were not able to respond efficiently to such disasters. The Los Angeles Police Department was the first to find a way to respond (LAPD, 2008). Officer John Nelson, supported by inspector Darryl Gates, came up with a special weapons and tactics squad, which would enlist a small group of extremely disciplined officers to handle the most challenging and unusual problems faced by the force. The original LAPD SWAT team consisted of fifteen men, who had both police and military experience. They operated once a month, or when they were actually needed. By the 1970s, however, SWAT teams operated on a full-time basis in larger cities. In 1971, they officially adopted the name of SWAT (Snow, 1996).

The case of “Janet Cooke and the Washington Post” in the frame of Robinson

Nowadays, our daily life can not be assumed without deviance being inherent in education, at workplace and other areas. The most common type of deviance can be observed at the workplace. Although this field is quite new, various conceptualizations are brought forward by different scientists. At this point the research of Robinson and Greenberg (1998) is worthwhile. These researchers distinguish five dimensions of deviance: perpetrator, intention, target, action and consequence. In the following paragraph, the case of â€Å"Janet Cooke and the Washington Post† will be analyzed in the scope of above-mentioned dimensions.Profound analysis of the case studyAccording to Robinson and Greenberg`s five dimensions, perpetrator might be insider or outsider (Robinson and Greenberg, 1998). In this case, being involved in an illegal action Janet Cooke can be described as a perpetrator. So, working as a reporter in the Washington Post, she is an insider (person) and not an organization. Deviant action can be executed intentionally or unintentionally (Robinson and Greenberg, 1998). Clearly, Cooke`s intentions were to get achievement and reputation, while using a spurious way to be on the list of well-known and recognized journalists. So, Cooke intentionally cheated both society and organization she was a part of, endeavoring to pursue her mercenary intentions. In my point of view, the action of this reporter was not intentionally harmful, targeting either organization or people. Obviously, while writing the story about Jimmy, she did not suppose that her action would bring great damage to the reputation of the Washington Post. In addition, she did not expect her article to be awarded â€Å"Pulitzer†. Robinson and Greenberg divide targets of deviant actions into these categories: inside and outside; individual and organizational; additional. So, Janet`s action directed toward both inside – organization (Washington Post) and outside – readers of newspaper. Apart from it, organizational (organization itself) and additional (people reading Janet`s article) targets can be defined in this case, as both of these categories were misled. Information given in Janet`s article was based on non-valid and exaggerated story. Consequently, the action of Janet, having an illegal basis, disrupts both organizational and societal norms. Certainly, if organizational norms and behavior are contrasted by actions of an individual, they are apparently focused on personal interests, being a workplace deviance. Although Janet did not expect, her action resulted in negative consequences. First of all, the reputation of the newspaper she worked for was seriously damaged. Apart from it, such kind of activity is shameful for the name of journalism. The core of journalism is to provide society with valid and credible information, whereas, her action ran counter to it. Conclusion After having analyzed this case, it can be concluded that all the actions having illegal intentions should be avoided, otherwise, consequences can be inevitably harmful for both society and organization, either intentionally or unintentionally. References Robinson, Sandra L; Greenberg Jerald. Employees Behaving Badly: Dimensions, Determinants and Dilemmas in the Study of Workplace Deviance. Trends in Organizational Behavior, volume 5. Edited by Cooper, C.L, and D.M. Rousseau, 1998.IACA – INTERNATIONAL ANTI-Concepts and Issues in CorruptionSince ancient times laws and regulations within countries all over the world have always been different, having their own principles and peculiarities. Clearly, laws have always been subject to amendment, though, some of them accepted in one country are completely objected at another one. So, this situation paves the   way for people and businesses to avoid law without breaking it in either their own countries or abroad. In the modern, rapidly developing world globalization and neo-liberalism heavily contribute to this process (Passas, 2005). The provided essay will discuss the concepts of â€Å"lawful, but awful† and â€Å"crimes without law violation† in the context of the Azerbaijan Republic, trying to find out differences and aspects they are based on. Moreover, there will be given examples to clarify it.The concept of â€Å"lawful, but awful†The concept of â€Å"lawful, but awful† was originally developed by professor Nikos Passas describing it as activities being legal while having negative consequences or eluding regulations and laws not accepted in this or that country (2005). Prior to giving examples reflecting the concept of â€Å"lawful, but awful† in the Republic of Azerbaijan, three categories of it defined by Passas w ill be given: Firstly, corporations have legal businesses while producing harmful or dangerous products such as cigarettes, weapons, and alcohol (Passas, 2005). Secondly, despite producing useful products for the society corporations release toxic materials, wastes, and etc., causing damage to society, environment and country (Passas, 2005). Finally, the third category describes some industries pursing public purposes mostly aimed at raising money rather than positively contributing to the society, thus resulting in negative outcomes (Passas, 2005). A few examples will be given to illustrate the concept of â€Å"lawful, but awful†:â€Å"Shadow education† in AzerbaijanThe â€Å"shadow education† is the term describing extra education provided by teachers for extra money beyond the official curriculum (Transparency International, 2013). It is a widespread example of this concept severely spreading in some parts of the world. Turning to Azerbaijan there are many factual examples of this term. Since the Soviet Union collapsed many public sectors have deteriorated including the education system. In recent years, people have intensively been concentrated on education and career making to cope with stiff competition on the labor market. A Additionally, the salaries of teachers do not conform to standards and cost of living in our country. Consequently, all the above mentioned circumstances have given teachers the opportunity to take advantage of them, getting involved in private tutoring to raise extra revenues. Studying for exams to enter universities and other educational institutions most of current students tend to take extra classes to get scores they target as curriculum taught at school is deliberately lowered by teachers to attract more students to their private tutoring. Although this type of activity is not prohibited by the law provided a teacher pays taxes to government, yet such type of private tutoring has a negative impact on the level of education within the country.Difficulties of entrepreneurship issuance in AzerbaijanSome years ago potential businessmen used to go through complex stages to have their entrepreneurships issued. Initially, they had to be involved in long procedures taking fourty days until they were implemented, thus preventing many of them to set up businesses. Apart from it paved the way for corruption, involving bribery, to accelerate the process of entrepreneurship issuance. Consequently, all the above indicated factors impeded the development of the private business sector being one of the important contributors in the economy of the country and well-being of the society. Due to the latest reforms this procedure has been reduced to only two days, stimulating the development of private sector.The concept of â€Å"Crimes without law violation†The concept of â€Å"crimes without law violation† is based on principles involving elusion of regulations and laws using various frauds and loopholes without infringing national or international legislation.Tax machinations in AzerbaijanIn the Republic of Azerbaijan a person involved in entrepreneurship is supposed to pay taxes to the government depending on their turnover of business. Having a turnover not exceeding 120000 manats per year physical and legal persons are supposed to pay four percent simplified tax. However, if this amount is over 120000 manats, entrepreneurs are supposed to pay 18% valu e added tax (VAT) (taxes.gov.az, 2015). Clearly, this large gap paves the way for tax evasion with many business people coming up with â€Å"tricks† to evade tax legislation. One of the â€Å"tricks† is to establish a few companies having different names and TINs sharing turnover among them so as not to pay 18% VAT. Consequently, this action is considered to be violation, however, no law is broken, thus reflecting the concept of â€Å"crimes without law violation†Sale and purchase machinations in AzerbaijanAccording to property and tax legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan, when selling or purchasing a real estate, an owner is supposed to pay taxes to government. One is supposed to pay four percent providing property price does not exceed 120000. However, the amount over this sum is subject to 18%. So, some tricks are also used to evade this tax. Usually, seller and buyer agree to reduce the cost of property in the sale and purchase agreement to the amount being less than 120000. Consequently, in fact, these people are not involved in tax evasion as official documents have valid information with no law violation, though, their machination involves â€Å"tricks† to defraud the government.ConclusionIt can be clearly concluded that, all countries over the world have laws and regulations, though they often differ from each other depending on a country. However, businesses and individuals having different intentions are often aimed at finding loopholes to avoid law violation and punishment, while pursuing their goals. Obviously, it is challenging for countries to monitor this activity with no law broken and anybody to bring to justice. Exactly, there are certain reasons contributing to the above-mentioned tendency. Primarily, shadow education arises from law salaries and drawbacks in educational system, making teachers and people turn to private tutoring. As regards the example of tax machination, it is obvious that it is based on some flaws in the tax code, such as a large gap between 4% and 18% tax, inciting people to use â€Å"tricks† to elude high taxes. Consequently, along with public awareness these loopholes should be filled in, otherwise, this tendency is not subject to healthy change.

The Ethical Dilemma Of Performance Enhancing Drugs

Ethical dilemmas often face a challenge on deciding what the right action to take is, and therefore are quite complex. Nevertheless, there are situations in which majority of individuals feel there is a clear acceptable choice. Specifically, the use of performance enhancing drugs through the public eye, are often not sanctioned as acceptable. With â€Å"the number of professional athletes using steroids [†¦] estimated to be fewer than 1%† (Petersen Kristensen, 2009). Throughout this paper the scenario regarding performance enhancing drugs will be analyzed specifically focusing on the ethical dilemma, the Christian core beliefs, how they relate to this situation, the resolution, evaluation, and comparison to other options. Ethical Dilemma The†¦show more content†¦It is stated in the bible that â€Å"furthermore, it isn’t good to be ignorant, and whoever rushes into things misses the mark† (Proverbs 19:2). Stating that when humans rush a process, that does not need to be rushed, the end product will not be reached. Another statement from the bible adds â€Å"may integrity and uprightness preserve me, for I wait for you† (Psalm 25:21). Integrity; doing the right thing when nobody is watching. Indicates that although no other human being might be around it is important to not deceive oneself. The core belief of the Christian worldview is â€Å"faith working though love† (Galatians 5:6). Which can be influence this scenario by having love for one another and wanting the best for those around. Resolution The Christian worldview proposal for resolving the ethical dilemma can be interpreted in different forms. One of which would be to get more information on this specific performance enhanced drug, going deeper than the surface to know about the details that were not originally brought up before deciding whether to try it. Seeking more information on the safety is recommended (Petersen Kristensen, 2009). Not only looking up the drug online but also seeking guidance from God and or a religious authoritative figure, if the signs from God a bit complicated to understand. The Christian world view mentions how integrity andShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Dilemma Of Performance Enhancing Drugs1364 Words   |  6 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas These days it seems as society is constantly being faced with Ethical Dilemmas. Whether it is normal everyday citizens, actors, business executives, and even athletes. The way that every person deal with ethical dilemmas is by relying on their worldview. The world of professional sports is a very tough and competitive place. 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